Base Verb Definition and Examples

In English grammar, the base form of a verb is its simplest form. These exist without a special ending or suffix on their own but can be changed and added onto to fit different uses and tenses. A verbs base form is what appears in dictionary entries. The base form is also known as the  plain form, simple form, or stem. Read about how base verbs are used and modified here. Base Verbs Base verbs function in the present tense for  first- and second-person singular perspectives (I walk and You walk) as well as all plural perspectives (We walk, You walk, and They Walk). In other words, the base form serves as the present tense form for all persons and numbers except the third-person singular,  which requires the -s  ending (He walks, She walks, and It walks).  Additional verbs can be created by adding prefixes to a base verb, as in overthrow  and undo. The base form is certainly not restricted to the present tense. It also functions as the infinitive (with or without to-) and the present subjunctive  for all persons including the third-person singular. Finally, the base form is used for the imperative mood.   Base Verb Examples Study these examples of base verbs in different contexts to understand their simplest applications. In the following tenses and forms, base forms require no additions or modifications. Present Tense The present tense is used for an action happening right now. It is one of the most straightforward tenses in English. When I ring the bell, you leave the room.Men live in a fantasy world. I know this because I am one, and I actually receive my mail there. -Scott Adams Present Subjunctive The subjunctive tense, a form used mostly in formal speech and writing, indicates an indefinite outcome. The music teacher insists that John sing.The tour guide recommends that we travel in pairs. In the first example, though the teacher insists, John might refuse to sing. In the second, tourists may choose to disregard the recommendation. Imperative The imperative form is used for commands from a second-person perspective. Its implied subject is the listener or reader receiving the message. Base verbs do not need to be modified to become imperative. Take my car and drive yourself home.Go to the edge of the cliff and jump off. Build your wings on the way down. -Ray Bradbury Base Verbs as Building Blocks As mentioned, base verbs can be combined with suffixes and/or supplemented with additional words to form more complex verbs and phrases. Building-block base verbs can accommodate different tenses and scenarios than base verbs alone. Here are just a few ways that base verbs are used as building blocks. Infinitive A base verb preceded by to forms an infinitive verb phrase.  The addition of to is the only change required in this form and the verb itself does not need to be changed. I want to see the stars tonight.Chefs love to cook even more than their patrons love to eat. Simple Past Tense The simple past tense is used to describe an action that has already been completed and is entirely in the past. I walked to the store for some bread.She ran further than ever before.Base verb: run Past Perfect The past perfect tense denotes an action that occurred before the most recent past action and is only slightly in the past. Most often, had precedes base verbs in the past perfect tense. I had eaten there last year on vacation, but on this years trip, we chose another place nearby.I had walked home after practice yesterday. Present, Future, and Past Continuous Present continuous action is still happening and incomplete. Base verbs in this form take on an -ing to become participles.   I am walking home from school after practice. The same building block base verbs (participles) used in the present continuous tense can translate to the future continuous tense, a tense that describes a continuous action that has yet to occur.  Note that a modal verb phrase sometimes precedes the verb phrase in this tense. I will be walking home from school today.She is going later. The past continuous tense describes something that continued happening in the past. Notice how this is different from a completed action. Base verbs in this tense sometimes require a linking verb. We were walking home when Stan drove by in his truck.   Gerunds The -ing form or the present participle of a base verb used as a noun is called a gerund. Some words such as painting began as gerunds and developed into nouns. These words maintain their ability to function as verbs/gerunds as well. Walking is the best type of exercise.She couldnt choose between swimming and painting.

Contribution and Importance of Literacy Training Program...

â€Å"Literacy Training Service† is a program designed to train students to become teacher literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out of school youth, and other segments of society in need of their need. Literacy is crucial to the success of individuals in both their career aspirations and their quality of life. It is more than a basic reading ability, but rather an indication of â€Å"how adults use written information to function in society.† Strong literacy skills are closely linked to the probability of having a good job, decent earnings, and access to training opportunities. Individuals with weak literacy skills are more likely to be unemployed or, if employed, to be in jobs that pay little or that offer poor hours or working†¦show more content†¦Literacy is a basic human need and human right to knowledge. It has meaning only when it leads to participation in cultural and social activities. It is empowerment which means ability to make decisions and control affairs of ones own life, economically, socially and politically, it is the first step in a life-long earning process of man and women. Life without literacy is life without hope, security and freedom. It is the foundation of all skills and pre-requisite for economic development. Moreover, according to Stromquist (1995) in modern societies literacy skills are fundamental to informed decision-making, personal empowerment, active and passive participation in local and global social community. Literacy is useful at the individual level in inculcating humanistic etiquettes and manners. The human benefits from literature are related to factors such as the improved self-esteem, empowerment, creativity and critical reflection that participation in adult literacy programmes and the practice of literacy may produce. Human benefits are intrinsically valuable and may also be instrumental in realizing other benefits of literacy: improved health, increased political participation and so on (UNESCO, 2006). The most apparent aspects of the human characters influenced by the literacy teaching are the awareness, empowerment and self esteem. Bown (1990) claims that with the acquisitionShow MoreRelatedBusiness Analysis : Telstra, Australia s Leading Organisation Of Telecommunication And Information Services1115 Words   |  5 Pages(http://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/download/document/sustainability-report-2013-our-people.pdf) employees and an international presence in 15 countries, Telstra strives to change the way people live and work through â€Å"improved and more convenient connection†. They aim to always take put the customer first and constantly provide support for the community in which Telstra operates. 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Existential Counselling

Question: The writing of a learning journal on the four existential givens requires the student toevidence knowledge and self-examination and serves as a useful reflective tool.Process:Over the first half of this unit, students will keep a learning journal examining in turneach of the four existential givens:1. death,2. existential aloneness,3. free will and responsibility, and4. the search for meaning. Answer: Existential counselling is a philosophical method which challenges the conflicts and paradoxes of the basic existence of humans. It is more like a way of thinking instead of a hard core philosophical model or technique. It is based on the fact that people make their own choices and have to own the repercussions of the same, even if they are negative ( Yalom, 2002) stated that existential psychotherapy is a dynamic therapeutic approach which emphasize on the relevance of our very core existence. The author went on to say that there are four givens relevant to psychotherapy: the inevitability of death, freedom to make of our lives, ultimate aloneness and the meaninglessness of life. 1. Death: It is inevitable, rightly said by many people. Death can be defined as the cessation or end of vital functions of a living being. I feel that fear of death resides within us every moment we encounter any precarious situation. In perhaps every uncertain situation, I can feel the deep down fear if something deadly or near fatal may happen in future. These premonitions can actually twist heart to the core. However, the mere realization of this ultimate truth can motivate us to pursue a happy life as well. The fear of death has a crucial role in our life; the mere thought of it can haunt us more than anything else. It can be equated to the unsettling existence at the external periphery of consciousness (Yalom, 1980). I can certainly relate to this feeling when I met with a nearly fatal accident and could feel my life going away with every painful second. Echoing the same sentiments, Josselson (2008) shared that the very awareness about the ultimate truth of death can be really difficult to death with. Nevertheless, Yalom (2008) claimed that the anxiety surrounding death surfaces and hides across various stages of the life cycle. I agree with this when I observed a young child playing with a match stick. It can be dangerous for human life but for the child, it was mere an object of amusement, wonder and nothing else. As we grow up in life, we start seeing things from a different perspective altogether. This is probably why I have seen so many of my teenage friends driving their cars at such a high speed. Its possibly the excitement to flirt with the notion of death that drags them to conduct themselves so recklessly. But once people enter adulthood, career and then marriage responsibilities overpower anxiety. After some decades when children grow up and leave them, the mid-life crisis brings back the same death anxiety once again (Yalom, 2008). I feel that people should confront life and death as the ultimate truths of life, but in practical situations, we tend to f orget the truth and get driven towards material things. In the same vein, existentialist philosopher Martin Heidegger (1962) claimed that though physicality of death finishes us off, the concept of death helps us finding peace. I felt the same after the accident I had when struck with the thought of death, I felt the need to add more value to my life by avoiding the trivial issues around and instead embrace the truth. The fear of death is in fact a reminder of life and one must make the most of their time on earth. In some cases, I feel its the reluctance to accept the ultimate truths of life that people feel conflicted within themselves. The real cause of conflict lies between the recognition of the certainty of death and the irrepressible desire to continue living (Spinoza in Elwes, 2008). Its the fear of death that we tend to create illusions around ourselves in the form of defence. But then this faade will fall down sooner or later. Instead of chasing the trivialities of life, I feel the fundamentals about the way of living must be explored. Becker (1973) added that people are consciously alert of the real human condition but they continue living with partial consciousness and hence they indulge in petty social games and play psychological tricks to stay away from the truth of death (Becker, 1973). For instance, consuming drugs and gambling are all deteriorating acts of life, but that is how some people tend to act in their attempt to run away from the realities of life. I have had my good and bad days but what I have come to realize the real value of life and certainty of death. 2. Existential Isolation Isolation means staying physically away from other human beings and the world as a whole (Yalom, 1980). It is noted that departure from others and the world, the feeling of being lonely, is the intrinsic state of the human condition that includes intrapsychic, interpersonal and existential isolation. There could be many reasons for embracing isolation. People have the tendency to increase distance from others to stay alone but this makes them feel compelled to engage with others with more intensity (Yalom, 1980). There are some naturally secludes, but at some level, there is a need felt across to talk to the people. I feel isolation is not meant for all. It all depends on the mental strength of an individual to cut off from others. Yalom (1980) stated that the real disagreement lies between absolute isolation and the desire to become a part of something tangible. Becoming an individual in itself includes embracing an absolute loneliness (Kaiser, 1965). Nevertheless, I have never cons idered it this way as I am surrounded by my family and friends most of the time. They were with me in my moments of glory and in failures, especially when I did not score well in my graduation. However, there are some moments of loneliness, but they are usually filed with other material activities. That is where the major task of existentialism comes into play to give insight into the inner conflict between fusion and isolation. Interpersonal and existential isolation are way stations for each other. Yalom (1980) stated that irrespective of the closeness or attachment individuals feel for each other, there is some unbridgeable gap remaining, and every individual has to enter and exit that on his or her own. The existential conflict lies between the awareness of absolute isolation and the desire to become a part of bigger whole (Yalom, 1980). There are plenty of distractions which lure people into its ultimate comfort choking the voice of ultimate isolation. However, the voice does n ot die as it bursts out in deep sleep waking up to come to the real terms. Josselson (2008) stated that a lot of people deeply feel the fear of existential isolation when the thought of them being forgotten by one and all struck them at the core. It is scary but then it justifies Yaloms (1980) statement that absolute isolation helps us achieve completeness. Instead of running away from isolation into the solace of material possessions and other social activities, I feel people must find some time for them to acknowledge the vastness of existential loneliness. People want others with them during the time of death but by no means, one can deny the truth of solitary death from any individual (Yalom, 2000). Due to isolation, anxiety emerges when an individual accepts the loneliness of death and life. However, reaction may differ for people with different mental strength. I have heard cases of people in trauma who feel trapped in their internal world of psychological and physical pain an d hence tend to behave in a manner to avoid any close possibility of trauma due to external factors. That is where counselling is required to bring forth the concept of existential isolation. Yalom (1980) stated that people burn ego boundaries in their attempt to achieve interpersonal fusion to make cherished life, but people know little that they are using the other person for instant happiness. The ultimate solution relies on the attempt to encounter the aloneness which allows engaging on a deeper level with others (Yalom, 1980). In a clinical setting, it would be seen as a sign of emotional distress and has to be treated with complete attention. Similarly, Yalom (2008) has expressed the need to be transparent with the patients during counselling. Krug (2007), whilst backing Yaloms stand on the same, applauded the contribution made by Yalom in the field of psychotherapy, especially the suggestion to develop a healthy interpersonal relationship with patients using the here-and-now method. 3. Existential Freedom: Free will and responsibility Free well or freedom is desired by all, albeit in different forms. However, Yalom (1980) stated that freedom involves no fixed structure in life that makes every individual responsible for his or her own choices and the subsequent actions. The author added that there is no solid ground beneath the very existence of human beings. I realized the same power of freedom when I was to choose my career. Be it my family or friends, everyone had their own suggestions to influence my choice but the ultimate decision resided within me. The very feeling of free will to decide for your life is an exhilarating experience. Freedom lets people define and design their own destiny and hence the future course of actions. The need to be responsible for the coming life at a very deep level gives a sense of identity and existence in the world. It comes when we start making independent decisions and start accepting its repercussions, good and bad both. As per existential thinkers, every individual owns up the responsibility of creating his or her own destiny, problems, choices, emotions, sufferings and actions (Yalom, 1980). However, its is ironical that human beings blame others for any mis-happening or when something does not go as expected (May, 1999). Even though human being cannot be held responsible for their genetic composition, their origin, family and many other inherent characteristics, their present actions are very much in their own hands. Human beings are solely accountable for the way their life shapes up (Tillich, 1952). Every step taken against the law of nature brings some unwanted result, and this becomes the ultimate cause of pain and suffering. Every action against our very core nature results in negative repercussions such as misery, pain, or any illness in the end (Maslow, 1958). For instance, I have made many hasty decisions in life without weighing down the other options suggested by peers and my family. For instance, selecting the courses for the graduation w as solely my decision which I made without thinking over my real competencies. In the end, it was me who borne the loss and happens to have lost many good job opportunities. Hopelessness occurs when people are reluctant to be ourselves and instead get carried away in the vicious cycle of mindless decision making which only ends at debacles (Kierkegaard, 1954). Freedom is equivalent to being pushed into existence with the absence of human nature as an object of defining the essence of freedom (Sarte, 1949). The core conflict lies between the difficulty in accepting authentic choice and the irrepressible desire of embracing inauthenticity (Sartre, 1949). Echoing the belief of Yalom, Josselson (2008) stated that the universe has no specific design and thus every individual has to write his or her own lives in the way deemed fit whilst owing up the repercussions they may face due to the choices made. It means freedom or free will actually is a scary thing if human beings are left alone with their deeds. Thus, a key existential dynamic is the friction created between the desire to have a strong ground beneath and the actual groundlessness or nothingness of human life ( Yalom, 1980). There are many medical cases wherein patients have suffered from the feeling of groundlessness or existential suffering, and unfortunately, their coping mechanism w hich once worked fails in such situations (Bruce, Schreiber, Petrovskaya, Boston, 2011). Often, the confrontation between freedom and responsibility results in serious health concerns surrounding the personality. Frankl (1977) confirmed that existential analysis brings out the fundamentals of human existence and the meaning of being human in terms of owning up the responsibility of actions. 4. The search for meaning The ultimate question which every individual faces is the real or true meaning of life. An aimless or wandering life can be distressing at some or the other stage. Frankl (1977) asserted that the absence of meaning causes extreme existential stress. Bruce, Schreiber, Petrovskaya and Boston ( 2011) stated that existential distress can be defined as a state of morbid suffering in ailing people and includes issues related with disappointment, discontentment, futility, morose, death anxiety. When an individual is not satisfied with his or her own way of life, it can be very frustrating. This feeling can be very annoying and may cause extreme distress with no hope for a bright life left. Meaninglessness can be defined as the prolonged incapacity to have faith in the truth, relevance, benefit or real value entailed in any of the things an individual is occupied with (Maddi, 1970). Having no meaning to life can cause serious health concerns such as suicidal tendencies, low self-esteem, drug s, cynicism, depression and much more. One possible solution to come out of this dilemma is to develop a transcendental relationship with the divine self (Buber,1965). Cornett (1998) referring to Rollo May (1953) stated that many of the patients suffered from depression with a deep sense of meaninglessness, and thats the reason he titled the 20th century as the Age of Emptiness. The primary trademark sign of depression is the strong belief that there is no meaning to life which in itself is an indication the perception of the self is not central to the life goals (Basch, 1980). By connecting with the higher self, people can search for their true purpose of their life and hence can leverage their efforts towards the direction of achieving the ultimate aim of the life. Frankl (1969) defined meaning in three contexts: contribution towards creative field, experience gained, and stance or attitude against suffering and destiny. It basically entails a clear direction towards an objective destination, absence of which can put one into a confused state in life. As per Yalom(1980), there has been a meaning schema given by the Judeo-Christian religious tradition, which states that the world and human life are connected as per a divine plan. It means all the human beings are subjected to a specific purpose in this world and they are merely acting upon the will of the God. However, there are multiple interpretations to this belief as elaborated by many thinkers during the subsequent years. Szasz (1994) stated that religion has given a definition beyond the finite realm of meaning of life and such consolidated rejection may allow people to accept religious beliefs instead of the reality of death. Frankl (1977) like many other thinkers challenged the very foun dation of religion to solve the existential challenges humans are embattled in. In contrast to the religious connotation, Yalom(1980) claimed that there is no predestined fate and life is germinated in result of random events and human beings have to look deeply into their behaviours to derive a meaningful schema for themselves. In the same lines, Cornett (1998) shared that spirituality is a huge concept and has often been kept at the rim of serious discussions. I feel there is lot of confusion between religion and spirituality and this is possibly the reason why spirituality is kept aside when discussing about clinical therapy. For those who are looking for meaning or purpose, they must engage in some meaning activities with complete devotion albeit without any deliberate attempt to find something magical. References Basch, M. F. (1980). Doing psychotherapy. New York, NY: Basic Books Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. New York: Free Press. Bruce, A., Schreiber, R., Petrovskaya, O., Boston, P. (2011). Longing for ground in a ground(less) world: A qualitative inquiry of existential suffering. BMC Nursing, 10 (2). Buber, M. (1965).Between man and man. New York: MacMillan. Cornett, C. (1998). The soul of psychotherapy. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. Elwes, R.H.M. (1955). The chief works of Benedict De Spinoza (ed. 2), New York: Dover Publications. Frankl, V. (1969). The will to meaning. New York: World. Frankl, V. E. (1977). The unconscious God Psychotherapy and theology. London, England: Hodder and Stoughton. Heidegger, M. (1996). Being and Time, trans. by Joan Stambaugh. Albany: State University of New York Press. Josselson, R. (2008). Irvin D. Yalom: On psychotherapy and the human condition. New York, NY: Jorge Pinto. Kaiser, H. (1965). Effective Psychotherapy. New York: Free Press. Kierkegaard, S. (1957). The concept of dread. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Krug, O.T. (2007). A comparative study of James Bugental and Irvin Yalom, two masters of existential psychotherapy (Doctoral dissertation, Saybrook Graduate School and Research Centre, San Francisco). Maddi, S. (1970). The Search for Meaning in The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, ed W Arnold M Page (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press), pp.137-186. Maslow, A. (1958).Toward a psychology of being. New York: D Van Nostrand Co. May, R (1999). Freedom and destiny. New York: W.W. Norton. Sartre, J.P. (1949). Nausea. (A. Alexander, R. Baldick, Trans.) France: Editions Gallimard Szasz, T. (1994). Mental illness is still a myth. New York, NY: Harper. Tillich, P. (1952). The Courage to be. New Haven: Yale University Press. Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York, NY: Basic Books. Yalom, I. D. (2000). Religion and psychiatry. American journal of psychotherapy, 56 (3), 301-306. Yalom, I. D. (2002). The gift of therapy. New York, NY: Harper Collins

Three Rebellious Figures Essay Example For Students

Three Rebellious Figures Essay Paradise Lost, the greatest epic in English literature history, was composed by John Milton in the year 1665, after seven years labor in the darkness. With great difficulty he found a publisher. Its success was immediate, though, like all his works, it met with venomous criticism. Milton was persecuted by the defenders of the throne after the Restoration because he was a faithful advocator of the Cromwell Government. Hardness of life brought him blindness. But this hard period was the most fruitful time in his literary life. Paradise Lost, the story taken from the Holy Bible, was written in this period. The story is about how Satan rebels against God and the seduce of Adam and Eve and the lost of Eden, which is known by every Christian. In the end of Yuan Dynasty the great book on peasant rebellion in China, Heroes of the Marshes, was brought out by Shi Nai-an. Shin based his novel on the real historical event combined with the folklores. The story is about how Song Jiang leads his fellows to rebel against the harsh reality. They kill the corrupt official and distribute their money to the poor. We will write a custom essay on Three Rebellious Figures specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But by following Song Jiangs ideas, he himself and the other rebels surrender at last and become the soldiers of the of the empire. The Pilgrimage to the West has been known by every child ever since the publication in the middle of sixteenth century. Like Heroes of the Marshes, Wu Cheng-En, the author of the novel, also based the story on the folklores. But the book, like Paradise Lost, is based on religious story and we cannot find archetypes of the most of characters in reality. The story begins with the birth of the monkey king and hes rebel against the gods, ends with the fulfillment of his mission. The body of the novel is about how the monkey king and his fellow escort their master Tang San-Zhang, an eminent monk, from China to India to fetch sutras. The monkey king succeeds in fighting with all the devils on the way to India. The monkey king is a half-monkey half-human thing. Therefore his look and his behavior arouse childrens interests. However, its definitely not a simple Child book. The monkey kings rebellion against gods symbolizes the rebellion against authority and so much more. The significance of the novel enables it to become one of the four greatest classic novels in Chinas literary history. Some say that Heroes of the Marshes, The Pilgrimage to the West and Paradise Lost are incomparable. One is an epic; the other two are ancient Chinese novels. Furthermore, the novels are quite different from English ones. They view comparative study from a stylistic way, not a thematic way. The three figures were born in different time, different countries, speaking different languages. However, when we exam these three, we shall find amazing similarities in their characters: brave, strong, firm and persistent and rebellious. Song Jiang was the earliest born one. Two hundred years later, the monkey king was brought forth by Wu Cheng-En. Milton created Satan even later. But we should say Satan is the earliest. Because Miltons ideas were modeled on the Holy Bible, which was an old story made by Jews, while Heroes of the Marshes and The Pilgrimage to the West were based on the contemporary folklore. Although Satan is the earliest, his rebellious spirit is the strongest, we should say. This article is a comparative analysis of the spiritual contents of these three figures, that is to say, an analysis of their rebellious characteristics. All the characters in literary works are the fictional creations of the authors, but not merely fictional, the background has influence on the construction progress of the character. Paradise Lost was written in the Restoration Period. It was finished in 1665,after Miltons seven years labor in the darkness. Milton was a faithful advocator of the Cromwell Government. After the collapse of the bourgeoisies government, sadness immerged him, but he never lost his courage and fought on with his pen. We cannot say Satan is Milton himself, but at least he is somewhat representation of Miltons and his fellowmens spirits. The lower class rebelled from time to time as in the long history of feudal China. However, rebellion did not become a common theme of literary creation in the passed time. Wu Cheng-En and Shin Nai-an gather their stories from the folklores, which were prevailing among common people. Therefore, these three works actually are spearheads pointed at the mighty and the obstacles of the human history. Satan, monkey king and Song Jiang rebel for freedom, fight for their destiny. Life is an active fighting for the destiny. But life is cruel and human always has his weakness. European literary works inherit the traditions of the evaluation criteria of lives of Greek tragedies, that is to say, the European authors esteem the challengers if they have courage and strong will, no matter how the challengers fail or succeed. They actually tend to understand life by analyzing the value of life of the loser. Paradise Lost is a typical story of this kind. When we read classic Chinese novels, we can easily find out the fact that most characters are not active fighters for their destiny, but merely the people fooled by their fates. They always follow the rules, live in the small world and close their doors to the outside. Just when the destiny strike them, their lives begin to change. Most heroes in Heroes of the Marshes are these kind of people. They rebel because they have no choice, not because they want to change their lives or destiny. However, The Pilgrimage to the West is a different book. The monkey king is a not a passive character, he fight for his destiny and finally succeed. The monkey king is a rare figure in the classic Chinese novels. He has his free will. But he still has great differences when we compare him with Satan. A comparative study should containing both similarities and differences analyses. This piece of writing will present similarities and differences of these three unsurpassed and hardly equaled works in Chinese and English literature history. (1) Traditionally, Miltons Satan has been compared with Aeschylus Prometheus, and the older edition of Paradise Lost mark many lines in Satans speeches as echoes of Prometheus Bound. But it would be impossible to write a book exploring Miltons debt to Greek drama on the scale of the studies of his epic background. Why we compare Satan with Prometheus? Because they are heroes, because they are rebellious, because both of them fight against the superior god. The freedom of will is the keystone of Miltons creed. Working through the tradition of an encyclopedic Christian humanism, Milton wrote Paradise Lost, intending to expose the ways of Satan and to justify the ways of God to men. That is to say, Satan in the core is a fighter for his freedom and he is not a one hundred per cent devil. Satan rebels because he thinks that God treats him unfairly. So is the monkey king. The Jade Emperor asks the monkey king to care steeds in the heaven and he think thats unfair. .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44 , .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44 .postImageUrl , .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44 , .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44:hover , .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44:visited , .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44:active { border:0!important; } .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44:active , .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44 .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u117720caa6a7aaf5950856f96978ee44:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lamoiyan Corporation: Building the Filipinos Sample EssayThen he begins his rebel and therefore brings forth the most glorious chapter in the novel. He has the slightest idea of obedience, obedience to God. When Song Jiang is in Jiang zhou city, he once gets drunk and writes a few pieces of poems afterwards. These poems are telling us that he is not content, but furious, with the reality. And these poems are generally regarded as rebellious ones. From then on he begins to set him mind on rebellion. A few months later, he goes to the marshes. Why he writes the poems? Because he thinks his miserable situation is due to the corruption of the court. There are always some unfair officials and he has to get rid of him if he wants to live a better life. From here we can say they all rebel for their freedom, for the unfair things. Rebellion is the core of their spirits. (2) All these three books are not the original creation of the authors. The story of Satan comes directly from Bible. Folklores are the soil of the Heroes of the Marshes and The Pilgrimage to the West. But the three figures are endowed with fresh meanings. Milton wrote the story with great willpower and pain. Satan in Paradise Lost therefore becomes much more vivid than he is in Bible. A real strong-minded Satan with heart full of hatred and rebellious ideas appears after we read the epic. Milton is trying to tell us, Satans, and the Puritans or bourgeois wills are unconquerable. Song Jiang is a figure that arouses much argument and dispute. Some say the story of Song Jiang is trying to tell us rebellion is not the way out and one should be loyal to the emperor at that time, what does Song Jiang do is the best choice. Some say Song Jiangs loyalty to the emperor ends the glorious history of the heroes of the marshes and Song Jiang is the one to blame. In literary world, only the greatest figures are worth of much criticism. Song Jiang arouses critics interests because his nature and his deeds is the representation of the time. Although under the cloak of fairytale, The Pilgrimage to the West sure is not standing only on the height of childrens story and the monkey king is not merely a funny being monkeying around. He lives in reality. The authors intention is to create a figure that shows no mercy and cowardice to the magnates. (3) Both Satan and the monkey king are very proud of themselves. In Satans speech to the angels, there are no words showing his esteem to the God. He describes the God as a tyrant. When the monkey king is fighting with the immortals in the Asgard, he calls the God as the old thing. And he never shows his esteem to the immortals except to the biggest Bodhisattvas. They think that they are superior, at least equal, to the Gods. However Song Jiang is not the same case. He is very loyal to the emperor. An imperials edict can make him do anything. Some may say thats because Paradise Lost and The Pilgrimage to the West are fairytales while Heroes of the Marshes is based on somewhat reality. Yes, man in reality always has his weakness, and the weakness is due to his social and historical background and his personality. Maybe thats why people like to read fairytales. Satan is a great hero when he addresses his fellow angels. He says: In dubious Battle on the Plains of Heavn, And shook his throne. What though the field be lost? All is lost; the unconquerable Will, And study of revenge, immortal hate, And courage never to submit or yield: And what is the else to be overcome? (Line104-110 Book I) Although trapped in Hell, he never loses his courage and ambition. But it is only in the first two books of the Paradise Lost that Satan seems heroic. There is grandeur but no heroism in his later soliloquies and after the seduction of Eve he departs to Hell, leaving to world to his vice-gerents Sin and Death. The first shock to any admiration for him in a readers mind comes when he meets his allegorical daughter Sin and his incestuously begotten grandson Death at Hells gates (Book II 678-883). There is no doubt of Miltons intent to degrade him, step by step, down to the scene of his second and involuntary appearance in serpent form in Book X. In Heroes of the Marshes, we see Song Jiang as a great hero when all the one hundred and eight heroes and heroines gather in the Liang Shan Bo. Before Song Jiang go to Liang Shan Bo, he is very generous to the people, after he goes there, he is very kind to his fellowmen and fights together with them. But at the end of the story he betrays many of his fellows will and leads them to the unhappy ending. After we read the whole story of the monkey king we cannot but call him a great hero. He succeeds in fighting with the evils and finally ends his story with a gratifying ending. He is a big winner. However, the readers of Paradise Lost and Heroes of the Marshes are bewildered: after reading these two books, they remember the first parts of the stories much clearer than the ending. The heroic deed and speech give them the deepest impression. When they think about Satan and Song Jiang, they still take them as great rebels. Here the culture backgrounds must have their influence. According to Aristotle, western poetry should put emphases on the imitation, conflict, structure plot and characteristics whereas Chinese put more emphases on the moral content of the stories. Some say Paradise Lost is an epic built out of dramas. From Ben Johnson to Shakespeare, western playwright began to put much more emphases on the characteristics of the characters than before. Hamlet is the best example. In Miltons period, characterization was of great importance. God is unsurpassed, omnipotent and omnipresent while Satan is the father of all the evils. If we set our eyes only on the moral content of the Paradise Lost, Satan is nothing but a devil. What westerners treasure is his nature, the nature of strong-willed beings. Satans speech is the best testimony. .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8 , .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8 .postImageUrl , .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8 , .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8:hover , .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8:visited , .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8:active { border:0!important; } .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8:active , .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8 .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf96ebef6d20f4fc2733b9527da13b1e8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Crucible Salem Episode EssayChinese Classic novels always start with a break and change of a peaceful situation. A virtuous man encounters troubles and the cause of the troubles is always some specific evil power, tragedy of nature is something rare to find in various ancient Chinese novels. Persecution and anti-persecution are the plot but not the theme of the stories. The authors are trying to do two things: one is trying to find out the moral causation of all these troubles; the other is to evaluate good and evil. The criteria of the evaluation of good or evil are very simple: loyalty, faithfulness and morals. One should be Loyal to his majesty and loyal to his friends and to people and faithful to his family and superiors. Yue Fei is a bona fide hero because he is loyal to his majesty and to all the Chinese. Viewed from a modern mans eye, Song Jiangs heroic deeds are not very heroic because he shows too much loyalty to the emperor. In ancient China rebellion is condemned by morals. Ever since the beginning of the rebellion, he thinks that his rebel is not a righteous thing. And entering the political state is the home to return to. His thoughts lead the heroes to a miserable ending. However, the gratifying ending of the monkey king story seems not that gratifying. We like to see the monkey to do whatever he likes, to live in an unbound way, not to become a Bodhisattva. It seems the cute, rebellious, bellicose monkey becomes a lamb. (4)Satans rebellion is the most complete and the least weak-kneed among these three rebels. The monkey king believes in nothing and belongs to nobody at the very beginning. After he is buried under the Wu-Zhi Mountain, his mind begins to change. In order to get out from the foot of the mountain, he chooses to obey the Bodhisattva and becomes prentice of Tang San-Zang. In fact, the monkey kings obedience is only with the Bodhisattva. He is never afraid of or obedient to the immortals and evils, no matter whatever position they own in the Asgard. Even the layman of Chinese culture knows the importance of Buddhism. We cannot assert that the monkey kings obedience to the Bodhisattvas is just his weakness. On the contrary, the monkey finds the home to return to, which is the Buddhism. But at least we can say: the monkey king cannot find the home he belongs to if the Bodhisattvas dont force him and if he doesnt obey. Why the heroes go to the marshes? Because most of them have no choice. If they dont rebel, they have to run from place to place to hide or they will be put to death. Song Jiang would never rebel if he could still survive. Rebellious nature is rooted in every human being as the nature of weakness is. Maybe we can say Song Jiang has more weak points in his nature than the other two is because Shi Nai-an was creating a real person. And real persons always have more weakness than we expect. Many rebellion leaders in ancient China did have Song Jiangs personality. In recent years Satan has been too often and too easily compared with Mussolini and Hitler, but such analogies are not very helpful. Nor is it helpful to compared Satan with Cromwell. It is clear that in drawing his portrait of Satan Milton was objective. Its weakness is its greatness-its power to fool readers into its own delusion of power and make them say that Miltons Satan is a noble anticipation of Nietzschean superman. If, to give the devil his due, we must say that in the first two books of Paradise Lost he is drawn with too many virtues, the answer is perhaps in the Socrates words in the Republic when he says that the finer virtues-courage, temperance, and the rest-belong to the most evil men. Actually its not worthwhile to try hard to find out the archetype of Satan, nor is it worthwhile to criticize the evil of Satan. What we need is Satans spirit, courage and so on. As we all know, Milton wrote Paradise in great hatred. We certainly cannot say his creation is an arts for arts sake stuff. It was the persecution that gave him the desire of writing something. He succeeded in creating the image of Satan and in inspiring his Puritan fellows. Satan gave them courage to fight back. However, the authors of the two Chinese novels had not had such mood as Milton had during their time of writing. Maybe we can say the purposes of writing Heroes of the Marshes and The Pilgrimage to the West are not as clear as Miltons. But Satan belongs not only to Milton and his fellows, but belongs to the world. So are the Monkey king and Song Jiang. But we can feel that Satan is somewhat greater in his rebellious spirit, not in his evil of course, than the other two. Here we are not going to consider the Miltonic stylethe grand style as an influential element. The monkeys rebellion is the rebellion for his personal freedom and stays in the height of freedom of individuality. The only reason for him to rebel is that he wants to do whatever he likes while the Gods are not likely to let him has their permission. In Short, Song Jiang rebels to survive, rebels for existence. Once he achieves this goal, his rebellion ends. That is why Heroes of the Marshes has an unhappy ending. Satan is different. He is trying to seek his and his companys freedom. And his freedom is merely the freedom of individuality. He is trying to justify Gods injustice. His rebellion is surely not for merely survival either. Can we say the harsh environment of Hell is better than Heavens? If Satan has Song Jiangs nature he would live happily in Heaven without the slightest idea of rebellion. In Satans Speech he suggests that Hell is better than Heaven as long as Heaven is reined by God, though the heat of burning things is hard to endure, because he has more freedom in Hell. Therefore, Satans rebellion is not confined within certain limits. We can take this kind of rebellious spirits as something grand. We should say Miltons mind was opened and therefore Satans spirits has aroused universal concern.